Germanium is a chemical element that can be found in trace amounts in some ores and carbonbased materials. Bankstahl, thermodynamic properties of liquid silvergermanium, silversilicon, goldgermanium, and goldsilicon alloys,j. These in their pure form are known as intrinsic semiconductors. Germanium is an indirect semiconductor like silicon but with a smaller band gap and a direct band gap transition slightly above the indirect one. These nonequilibrium reconstructions cover 90% of the surface and, in turn, modify both the electronic and mechanical properties of the graphene overlayer. Global germanium oxide optical fiber market research report 2018 2018 global germanium oxide optical fiber industry report is a professional and indepth research report on the worlds major regional market conditions of the germanium oxide optical fiber industry, focusing on the main regions north america, europe and asia and the main countries united states, germany, japan and china. Nci thesaurus ncit germide 4 is a monoatomic tetraanion and an elemental germanium. Performance of lightweight, batteryoperated, high purity germanium detectors for field use pdf. Its small size, and perhaps other features, permit rapid diffusion and transport across membranes.
The following table summarizes many of the basic physical properties of silicon. It is a lustrous, hardbrittle, grayishwhite metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbours silicon and tin. After the addition of impurities their resistance and electrical properties change and they are known as extrinsic semiconductors. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Critical performance differences of monocrystalline versus polycrystalline germanium for optical applications date. The properties and applications of polycrystalline silicon germanium are also discussed later in the article. Germanium oxide is added to glass to increase the index of refraction. It is used as a substrate for lenses, windows, and output couplers for lowpower cw as well as pulsed tea, co2 lasers. Table 32 compares the median concentrations of ge in the foregs samples and in some reference datasets. A hard, greywhite, lustrous and brittle metalloid acts in properties between metals and nonmetals.
We use monocrystalline germanium for optical elements including ao modulators and deflectors. Germanium is a very brittle element of grayishwhite. Pdf the structural and optical properties of ge quantum dots qds grown on si001 for midinfrared photodetector and ge nanocrystals embedded in. A metalloid is an element that has characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. In general, semiconductors are materials, inorganic or organic, which have the ability to control their conduction depending on chemical structure, temperature, illumination, and presence of dopants. Follow the link to definition of property or link to data for property of the element germanium. Despite its cost, the unique optical and mechanical properties have made germanium the material of choice for many ir applications, especially for use in the 8um to 12um region.
The name germanium originates from the latin word germania meaning germany, for more information on germanium, including properties, safety data, research, and american elements catalog of germanium products, visit the germanium element page. Ppt germanium powerpoint presentation free to view. It has a diamondlike crystalline structure and it is similar in chemical and physical properties to silicon. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol ge and atomic number 32. Is brittle and breaks apart easily unlike other metals. If a silicon or germanium atom in its pure form is doped with an element of group five in a small amount, such as antimony, arsenic or phosphorus, these elements having 5 electrons in their outermost shell react such that they form a covalent bond with the four electrons of silicon, and. Basic parameters of band structure and carrier concentration. This comprised germanium recovered from zinc concentrates, fly ash from burning coal, and recycled material.
The study of their electrical properties reveals that semiconductors have negative temperature coefficient of resistance, i. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to each other. Atoms commonly used as semiconductors include silicon, germanium etc. Pure germanium is a hard, lustrous, graywhite, brittle metalloid. Ge coated surface properties typical weight gm2 substrate. The image above is a virtual representation of germanium metal calculated by patrick callet using the complex diectric function of the element only. Electronic and structural properties of the gegeo2. Germanium, a chemical element between silicon and tin in group 14 iva of the periodic table, a silverygray metalloid, intermediate in properties between the metals and the nonmetals. At the same time, keeping his primary aim of arranging the elements of similar properties in the same group, he proposed that some of the elements were still undiscovered and, therefore, left several gaps in the table. Germanium is very expensive due to the scarcity of raw material and the complexity of its recovery and refinement. In 1869, dmitri mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on his periodic table, and. Germanium is an element with atomic symbol ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72. Pdf structural and optical properties of germanium nanostructures.
Germanium ge chemical properties, health and environmental. The element is mostly distributed in nature, but its too reactive to occur free. Since the elements of similar atomic number are biologicallyessential. In 1886ad, germanium was discovered by german chemist, clemens alexander. Critical performance differences of monocrystalline versus. Learn more about germanium uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain germanium. Stout introduction germanium ge is a useful optical material over the midwave and longwave infrared wavelength region. Whether or not bridging occurs depends on what happens as the joint exits the wave the peel back area to study the effect of bridge elimination, the icicle test was carried out and the drainage characteristic of. Finally, graphene on ge001 represents the extreme strain case, where graphene drives. Germanium simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. We found that a majority of germanium and oxygen atoms are threefold coordinated, forming valence alternation pairs vaps. Properties of germanium electronic lattice materials.
Link to definition of property link to germanium data for property. The lowest absorbing ge optics are limited to a throughput power range. Germanium ge germanium is a versatile infrared material commonly used in imaging systems and instruments in the 2 to 12 microns spectral region. Germanium dioxide is used mainly as a catalyst in the production of polyester and synthetic textile fiber. The book focuses on germanium and compounds of gei and geii. In 2010, the worlds total production of germanium was between 100 and 120 t. The chemistry of germanium, tin, and lead focuses on the properties, characteristics, transformations, and reactions of lead, germanium, and tin. Data sheet crystal structure monocrystalline or polycrystalline purity 99.
Electronic and mechanical properties of graphene germanium. Germanium is stable in air and water, and is unaffected by alkalis and acids, except nitric acid. After growth is completed, as the wafer is cooled from the growth temperature to room temperature, the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the two materials results in the formation of tensile. To determine the requirements for germanium components used in ao devices, refer to the following physical properties and key characteristics of aograde germanium. Much of current research on sige ncs is focused on the preparation and characterization of ncs embedded in a sio2 matrix. Germanium is located in the middle of the carbon family, which is group 14 iva in the periodic table.
From materials to devices is the first book to provide a broad, indepth coverage of the field, including recent advances in getechnology and the fundamentals in material science, device physics and semiconductor processing. Finally, the properties of polycrystalline silicongermanium are discussed in the context of its use as a gate material for mos transistors. Germanium, and silicon germanium at different concentrations. Germanium, physical and chemical properties springerlink. Germanium as semiconductor properties hpge detector with ln2 cryostat source. Germaniumbased instruments are most prevalent in the wavelength. Properties you create must have unique names that do not appear in the other tabs in the document properties dialog box. The contributing authors are international experts with a worldwide recognition and. It did not become economically significant until after 1945, when its properties as a. In 1871, salient properties of the undiscovered element were predicted by dmitri. The chemical properties of germanium are provided in the table below. It is crystalline and brittle and retains its luster in air.
Germanium is not known to have any biological function and is generally considered to have a low toxicity. This table has links to all the properties of germanium included within webelements. Germanium has a diamondlike crystalline structure which is hard, lustrous, graywhite, and brittle. For example, both gallium and germanium were unknown at the time. To add a property, type the name and value, and then click add. It is a poor conductor of electricity, can be classified as a semiconductor. Organic germanium provides optimal oxygen transport to all.
Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Germanium, a chemical element places between silicon and tin in group 14 of the periodic table. Uspas cryogenics short course boston, ma 614 to 6182010 1 1. The number of electrons in each of germanium s shells is 2, 8, 18, 4 and its electron configuration is ar 3d 10 4s 2 4p 2. Germanium epitaxially grown on silicon has superior properties to bulk germanium for a cband or lband detector. In pure form, the element is a grayishwhite metalloid. Germanium has bactericide properties and some plants, e. Germanium as semiconductor properties and characteristics. It is a graywhite brittle metal, is bright, shiny and silvery in color. It is known to be stable in air and water, and is not affected by alkalis and acids with the exception of nitric acid. Thus, it is widely and nearly uniformly distributed in tissues. Organic germanium a novel dramatic immunostimulant stephen a. Photodetectors for silicon photonic integrated circuits.
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